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Why Are Northern and Southern Styles of Martial Arts Different

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Japanese martial fine art

Karate (空手)
Hanashiro Chomo.jpg

Chōmo Hanashiro, c.  1938

Likewise known as Karate Do (空手道)
Focus Striking
Hardness Full-contact, semi-contact, light-contact
Country of origin Ryukyu Kingdom (Present day Okinawa prefecture, Japan)
Parenthood Indigenous martial arts of Ryukyu Islands, Chinese martial arts[1] [2]
Olympic sport Debuted in 2021
Karate
Karate WC Tampere 2006-1.jpg

Karate World Championship 2006 in Tampere, Republic of finland; men's heavyweight final
Highest governing body Globe Karate Federation
First developed Ryukyu Kingdom, ca. 17th century
Characteristics
Contact Yes
Mixed-sex No
Type Martial fine art
Presence
Country or region Worldwide
Olympic Debuted in 2021
Globe Games 1981 – 2017
Karate
Karate (Chinese characters).svg

"Karate" in kanji

Japanese name
Kanji 空手
Hiragana からて
Katakana カラテ

Karate ( 空手 ) (; Japanese pronunciation: [kaɾate] ( listen ); Okinawan pronunciation: [kaɽati]) is a martial fine art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom. It developed from the indigenous Ryukyuan martial arts (called te ( 手 ), "hand"; tii in Okinawan) under the influence of Chinese martial arts, particularly Fujian White Crane.[1] [2] Karate is now predominantly a striking art using punching, kicking, knee strikes, elbow strikes and open-mitt techniques such as knife-hands, spear-hands and palm-heel strikes. Historically, and in some modern styles, grappling, throws, articulation locks, restraints and vital-betoken strikes are besides taught.[three] A karate practitioner is called a karateka ( 空手家 ).

The Empire of Japan annexed the Ryukyu Kingdom in 1879. Karate came to mainland Japan in the early on 20th century during a fourth dimension of migration as Ryukyuans, especially from Okinawa, looked for piece of work in the main islands of Japan.[four] It was systematically taught in Nippon afterwards the Taishō era of 1912–1926.[5] In 1922, the Japanese Ministry building of Education invited Gichin Funakoshi to Tokyo to give a karate demonstration. In 1924, Keio University established the first university karate club in mainland Nihon, and by 1932 major Japanese universities had karate clubs.[6] In this era of escalating Japanese militarism,[vii] the proper noun was changed from 唐手 ("Chinese mitt" or "Tang manus")[viii] to 空手 ("empty hand") – both of which are pronounced karate in Japanese – to bespeak that the Japanese wished to develop the gainsay form in Japanese mode.[nine] Later on World War II, Okinawa became (1945) an important United States military site and karate became popular among servicemen stationed there.[10] [11]

The martial arts movies of the 1960s and 1970s served to profoundly increase the popularity of martial arts around the world, and English-speakers began to use the word karate in a generic style to refer to all striking-based Asian martial arts.[12] Karate schools began appearing effectually the globe, catering to those with casual interest as well equally those seeking a deeper study of the art.

Shigeru Egami, Main Instructor of the Shotokan dōjō, opined that "the bulk of followers of karate in overseas countries pursue karate only for its fighting techniques ... Movies and goggle box ... depict karate equally a mysterious way of fighting capable of causing decease or injury with a single blow ... the mass media nowadays a pseudo art far from the real thing."[xiii] Shōshin Nagamine said: "Karate may be considered equally the conflict inside oneself or every bit a life-long marathon which tin can exist won just through cocky-discipline, hard training and one's ain creative efforts."[14]

On 28 September 2015 karate featured on a shortlist (along with baseball, softball, skateboarding, surfing, and sport climbing) for consideration for inclusion in the 2020 Summer Olympics. On 1 June 2016 the International Olympic Committee'southward executive board announced they were supporting the inclusion of all five sports (counting baseball and softball as only 1 sport) for inclusion in the 2020 Games.

Spider web Japan (sponsored by the Japanese Ministry building of Foreign Affairs) claims that karate has l 1000000 practitioners worldwide,[15] while the World Karate Federation claims there are 100 million practitioners around the world.[16]

Etymology [edit]

Karate was originally written as "Chinese hand" ( 唐手 , literally "Tang dynasty hand") in kanji. It was changed to a homophone meaning empty hand (空手) in 1935. The original employ of the word "karate" in print is attributed to Ankō Itosu; he wrote it as "唐手". The Tang Dynasty of China ended in Advertizing 907, merely the kanji representing information technology remains in employ in Japanese linguistic communication referring to China more often than not, in such words as "唐人街" meaning Chinatown. Thus the word "karate" was originally a way of expressing "martial art from China."

Since in that location are no written records information technology is non known definitely whether the kara in karate was originally written with the character 唐 pregnant Prc or the grapheme 空 meaning empty. During the time when admiration for Prc and things Chinese was at its pinnacle in the Ryūkyūs it was the custom to use the onetime character when referring to things of fine quality. Influenced by this do, in recent times karate has begun to exist written with the character 唐 to give information technology a sense of class or elegance.

—Gichin Funakoshi[17]

The first documented use of a homophone of the logogram pronounced kara by replacing the Chinese graphic symbol meaning "Tang Dynasty" with the character meaning "empty" took identify in Karate Kumite written in Baronial 1905 by Chōmo Hanashiro (1869–1945). Sino-Japanese relations accept never been very good and specially at the fourth dimension of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, referring to the Chinese origins of karate was considered politically incorrect.[xviii]

In 1933, the Okinawan fine art of karate was recognized as a Japanese martial art past the Japanese Martial Arts Commission known as the "Butoku Kai". Until 1935, "karate" was written every bit "唐手" (Chinese mitt). Just in 1935, the masters of the various styles of Okinawan karate conferred to determine a new name for their fine art. They decided to phone call their fine art "karate" written in Japanese characters every bit "空手" (empty paw).[19]

Another nominal evolution is the addition of dō (道:どう) to the finish of the word karate. Dō is a suffix having numerous meanings including road, path, route and way. It is used in many martial arts that survived Japan'south transition from feudal culture to modern times. Information technology implies that these arts are not only fighting systems but comprise spiritual elements when promoted every bit disciplines. In this context dō is usually translated as "the way of ___". Examples include aikido, judo, kyūdō and kendo. Thus karatedō is more than just empty paw techniques. Information technology is "The Way of the Empty Paw".

History [edit]

Okinawa [edit]

Karate began as a common fighting system known as te (Okinawan: ti) among the Pechin grade of the Ryukyuans. Later trade relationships were established with the Ming dynasty of Cathay in 1372 by King Satto of Chūzan, some forms of Chinese martial arts were introduced to the Ryukyu Islands by the visitors from Red china, especially Fujian Province. A large group of Chinese families moved to Okinawa around 1392 for the purpose of cultural exchange, where they established the community of Kumemura and shared their knowledge of a wide variety of Chinese arts and sciences, including the Chinese martial arts. The political centralization of Okinawa by Male monarch Shō Hashi in 1429 and the policy of banning weapons by King Shō Shin in 1477, subsequently enforced in Okinawa subsequently the invasion past the Shimazu clan in 1609, are also factors that furthered the development of unarmed combat techniques in Okinawa.[two]

There were few formal styles of te, but rather many practitioners with their own methods. One surviving instance is the Motobu-ryū school passed down from the Motobu family by Seikichi Uehara.[xx] Early styles of karate are often generalized as Shuri-te, Naha-te, and Tomari-te, named after the three cities from which they emerged.[19] Each area and its teachers had particular kata, techniques, and principles that distinguished their local version of te from the others.

Members of the Okinawan upper classes were sent to China regularly to study various political and practical disciplines. The incorporation of empty-handed Chinese Kung Fu into Okinawan martial arts occurred partly considering of these exchanges and partly considering of growing legal restrictions on the apply of weaponry. Traditional karate kata conduct a potent resemblance to the forms found in Fujian martial arts such as Fujian White Crane, V Ancestors, and Gangrou-quan (Hard Soft Fist; pronounced "Gōjūken" in Japanese).[21] Many Okinawan weapons such as the sai, tonfa, and nunchaku may have originated in and around Southeast Asia.[ citation needed ]

Sakukawa Kanga (1782–1838) had studied pugilism and staff (bo) fighting in China (according to one legend, nether the guidance of Kosokun, originator of kusanku kata). In 1806, he started pedagogy a fighting fine art in the city of Shuri that he called "Tudi Sakukawa," which meant "Sakukawa of Cathay Hand." This was the first known recorded reference to the art of "Tudi," written equally 唐手. Around the 1820s Sakukawa's most pregnant educatee Matsumura Sōkon (1809–1899) taught a synthesis of te (Shuri-te and Tomari-te) and Shaolin (Chinese 少林) styles.[ commendation needed ] Matsumura's style would later become the Shōrin-ryū way.

Matsumura taught his art to Itosu Ankō (1831–1915) among others. Itosu adapted two forms he had learned from Matsumura. These are kusanku and chiang nan.[22] He created the ping'an forms ("heian" or "pinan" in Japanese) which are simplified kata for first students. In 1901, Itosu helped to get karate introduced into Okinawa's public schools. These forms were taught to children at the elementary schoolhouse level. Itosu's influence in karate is broad. The forms he created are mutual beyond nearly all styles of karate. His students became some of the most well-known karate masters, including Gichin Funakoshi, Kenwa Mabuni, and Chōki Motobu. Itosu is sometimes referred to as "the Grandfather of Modern Karate."[23]

In 1881, Higaonna Kanryō returned from China subsequently years of didactics with Ryu Ryu Ko and founded what would become Naha-te. 1 of his students was the founder of Gojū-ryū, Chōjun Miyagi. Chōjun Miyagi taught such well-known karateka equally Seko Higa (who besides trained with Higaonna), Meitoku Yagi, Miyazato Ei'ichi, and Seikichi Toguchi, and for a very brief time near the end of his life, An'ichi Miyagi (a teacher claimed by Morio Higaonna).

In add-on to the three early on te styles of karate a fourth Okinawan influence is that of Uechi Kanbun (1877–1948). At the age of xx he went to Fuzhou in Fujian Province, China, to escape Japanese military conscription. While there he studied under Shū Shiwa (Chinese: Zhou Zihe 周子和 1874-1926).[24] He was a leading figure of Chinese Nanpa Shorin-ken fashion at that time.[25] He after developed his own style of Uechi-ryū karate based on the Sanchin, Seisan, and Sanseiryu kata that he had studied in Mainland china.[26]

Japan [edit]

Gichin Funakoshi, the founder of Shotokan karate, is generally credited with having introduced and popularized karate on the main islands of Japan. In addition, many Okinawans were actively teaching, and are thus also responsible for the evolution of karate on the main islands. Funakoshi was a student of both Asato Ankō and Itosu Ankō (who had worked to introduce karate to the Okinawa Prefectural School System in 1902). During this fourth dimension menses, prominent teachers who also influenced the spread of karate in Japan included Kenwa Mabuni, Chōjun Miyagi, Chōki Motobu, Kanken Tōyama, and Kanbun Uechi. This was a turbulent menses in the history of the region. It includes Japan'due south annexation of the Okinawan island group in 1872, the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), the Russo-Japanese State of war (1904–1905), the annexation of Korea, and the rise of Japanese militarism (1905–1945).

Japan was invading China at the fourth dimension, and Funakoshi knew that the art of Tang/Red china manus would not be accepted; thus the alter of the art'south name to "way of the empty manus." The dō suffix implies that karatedō is a path to self-knowledge, non only a study of the technical aspects of fighting. Like most martial arts practised in Nippon, karate made its transition from -jutsu to -dō around the get-go of the 20th century. The "dō" in "karate-dō" sets it apart from karate-jutsu, every bit aikido is distinguished from aikijutsu, judo from jujutsu, kendo from kenjutsu and iaido from iaijutsu.

Funakoshi changed the names of many kata and the name of the art itself (at least on mainland Japan), doing so to become karate accepted past the Japanese budō organization Dai Nippon Butoku Kai. Funakoshi likewise gave Japanese names to many of the kata. The v pinan forms became known as heian, the three naihanchi forms became known equally tekki, seisan as hangetsu, Chintō as gankaku, wanshu equally enpi, and so on. These were mostly political changes, rather than changes to the content of the forms, although Funakoshi did introduce some such changes. Funakoshi had trained in 2 of the popular branches of Okinawan karate of the fourth dimension, Shorin-ryū and Shōrei-ryū. In Nippon he was influenced by kendo, incorporating some ideas well-nigh distancing and timing into his style. He e'er referred to what he taught as only karate, simply in 1936 he built a dōjō in Tokyo and the style he left behind is unremarkably chosen Shotokan after this dōjō. Shoto, meaning "pine wave", was Funakoshi's pen name and kan significant "hall".

The modernization and systemization of karate in Nihon besides included the adoption of the white uniform that consisted of the kimono and the dogi or keikogi—more often than not chosen just karategi—and coloured belt ranks. Both of these innovations were originated and popularized by Jigoro Kano, the founder of judo and one of the men Funakoshi consulted in his efforts to modernize karate.

A new grade of karate called Kyokushin was formally founded in 1957 by Masutatsu Oyama (who was born a Korean, Choi Yeong-Eui 최영의). Kyokushin is largely a synthesis of Shotokan and Gōjū-ryū. It teaches a curriculum that emphasizes aliveness, concrete toughness, and full contact sparring. Because of its emphasis on physical, full-strength sparring, Kyokushin is at present often called "total contact karate", or "Knockdown karate" (after the proper noun for its competition rules). Many other karate organizations and styles are descended from the Kyokushin curriculum.

Practice [edit]

Karate can exist practiced every bit an fine art (budō), self defense or as a combat sport. Traditional karate places emphasis on self-development (budō).[27] Mod Japanese style training emphasizes the psychological elements incorporated into a proper kokoro (attitude) such as perseverance, fearlessness, virtue, and leadership skills. Sport karate places emphasis on exercise and competition. Weapons are an important training activity in some styles of karate.

Karate training is commonly divided into kihon (basics or fundamentals), kata (forms), and kumite (sparring).

Kihon [edit]

Kihon means basics and these form the base for everything else in the style including stances, strikes, punches, kicks and blocks. Karate styles place varying importance on kihon. Typically this is training in unison of a technique or a combination of techniques by a group of karateka. Kihon may also be prearranged drills in smaller groups or in pairs.

Kata [edit]

Chōki Motobu in Naihanchi-dachi, ane of the basic karate stances

Kata (型:かた) ways literally "shape" or "model." Kata is a formalized sequence of movements which represent various offensive and defensive postures. These postures are based on idealized gainsay applications. The applications when applied in a demonstration with real opponents is referred to every bit a Bunkai. The Bunkai shows how every stance and movement is used. Bunkai is a useful tool to sympathize a kata.

To reach a formal rank the karateka must demonstrate competent functioning of specific required kata for that level. The Japanese terminology for grades or ranks is commonly used. Requirements for examinations vary amid schools.

Kumite [edit]

Sparring in Karate is chosen kumite (組手:くみて). It literally ways "meeting of easily." Kumite is proficient both equally a sport and as self-defense training.

Levels of physical contact during sparring vary considerably. Full contact karate has several variants. Knockdown karate (such as Kyokushin) uses total ability techniques to bring an opponent to the footing. In kickboxing variants (for example Yard-1), the preferred win is past knockout. Sparring in armour, bogu kumite, allows full power techniques with some safety. Sport kumite in many international contest nether the World Karate Federation is free or structured with calorie-free contact or semi contact and points are awarded by a referee.

In structured kumite (yakusoku, prearranged), two participants perform a choreographed series of techniques with ane striking while the other blocks. The form ends with 1 devastating technique (hito tsuki).

In free sparring (Jiyu Kumite), the 2 participants have a gratuitous pick of scoring techniques. The allowed techniques and contact level are primarily determined past sport or fashion organization policy, but might be modified according to the historic period, rank and sex activity of the participants. Depending upon mode, take-downs, sweeps and in some rare cases fifty-fifty fourth dimension-limited grappling on the basis are also allowed.

Free sparring is performed in a marked or airtight surface area. The tour runs for a fixed time (ii to three minutes.) The time can run continuously (iri kume) or be stopped for referee judgment. In light contact or semi contact kumite, points are awarded based on the criteria: good grade, sporting attitude, vigorous application, awareness/zanshin, expert timing and correct altitude. In full contact karate kumite, points are based on the results of the touch, rather than the formal appearance of the scoring technique.

Dōjō Kun [edit]

In the bushidō tradition dōjō kun is a prepare of guidelines for karateka to follow. These guidelines employ both in the dōjō (preparation hall) and in everyday life.

Workout [edit]

Okinawan karate uses supplementary training known as hojo undo. This utilizes simple equipment fabricated of wood and stone. The makiwara is a striking post. The nigiri game is a large jar used for developing grip strength. These supplementary exercises are designed to increase strength, stamina, speed, and muscle coordination.[28] Sport Karate emphasizes aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise, power, agility, flexibility, and stress management.[29] All practices vary depending upon the school and the instructor.

Sport [edit]

Gichin Funakoshi ( 船越 義珍 ) said, "There are no contests in karate."[30] In pre–World War Ii Okinawa, kumite was not part of karate preparation.[31] Shigeru Egami relates that, in 1940, some karateka were ousted from their dōjō because they adopted sparring after having learned it in Tokyo.[32]

Karate is divided into fashion organizations.[33] These organizations sometimes cooperate in not-mode specific sport karate organizations or federations. Examples of sport organizations include AAKF/ITKF, AOK, TKL, AKA, WKF, NWUKO, WUKF and WKC.[34] Organizations hold competitions (tournaments) from local to international level. Tournaments are designed to match members of opposing schools or styles against one some other in kata, sparring and weapons demonstration. They are often separated by age, rank and sexual practice with potentially different rules or standards based on these factors. The tournament may exist exclusively for members of a particular style (closed) or ane in which any martial artist from any fashion may participate within the rules of the tournament (open up).

The World Karate Federation (WKF) is the largest sport karate organization and is recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) equally being responsible for karate competition in the Olympic Games.[35] The WKF has developed common rules governing all styles. The national WKF organizations coordinate with their respective National Olympic Committees.

WKF karate contest has 2 disciplines: sparring (kumite) and forms (kata).[36] Competitors may enter either as individuals or every bit role of a team. Evaluation for kata and kobudō is performed by a console of judges, whereas sparring is judged by a head referee, usually with assistant referees at the side of the sparring area. Sparring matches are typically divided by weight, age, gender, and experience.[37]

WKF only allows membership through ane national organization/federation per country to which clubs may join. The World Union of Karate-exercise Federations (WUKF)[38] offers different styles and federations a globe body they may join, without having to compromise their style or size. The WUKF accepts more than ane federation or association per country.

Sport organizations utilise different competition dominion systems.[33] [37] [39] [xl] [41] Light contact rules are used past the WKF, WUKO, IASK and WKC. Full contact karate rules used past Kyokushinkai, Seidokaikan and other organizations. Bogu kumite (full contact with protective shielding of targets) rules are used in the Earth Koshiki Karate-Do Federation organization.[42] Shinkaratedo Federation use boxing gloves.[43] Inside the U.s.a., rules may be under the jurisdiction of state sports authorities, such as the boxing commission.

In August 2016, the International Olympic Committee approved karate as an Olympic sport first at the 2020 Summer Olympics.[44] [45]

Karate, although not widely used in mixed martial arts, has been effective for some MMA practitioners.[46] [47] Various styles of karate are practiced in MMA: Lyoto Machida and John Makdessi practise Shotokan;[48] Bas Rutten and Georges St-Pierre train in Kyokushin;[49] Michelle Waterson holds a black belt in American Free Way Karate;[50] Stephen Thompson practices American Kenpo Karate;[51] and Robert Whittaker practices Gōjū-ryū.[52]

Rank [edit]

Karatekas wearing different colored belts

Meet too: Kyū

In 1924, Gichin Funakoshi, founder of Shotokan Karate, adopted the Dan organisation from the judo founder Jigoro Kano[53] using a rank scheme with a limited set of belt colors. Other Okinawan teachers besides adopted this practice. In the Kyū/Dan system the beginner grades start with a higher numbered kyū (e.m., 10th Kyū or Jukyū) and progress toward a lower numbered kyū. The Dan progression continues from 1st Dan (Shodan, or 'beginning dan') to the higher dan grades. Kyū-grade karateka are referred to as "color chugalug" or mudansha ("ones without dan/rank"). Dan-form karateka are referred to as yudansha (holders of dan/rank). Yudansha typically vesture a black chugalug. Ordinarily, the first v to 6 dans are given past examination by superior dan holders, while the subsequent (vii and upwards) are honorary, given for special merits and/or age reached. Requirements of rank differ among styles, organizations, and schools. Kyū ranks stress stance, balance, and coordination. Speed and power are added at higher grades.

Minimum age and time in rank are factors affecting promotion. Testing consists of demonstration of techniques before a panel of examiners. This will vary by school, but testing may include everything learned at that point, or just new information. The sit-in is an application for new rank (shinsa) and may include kata, bunkai, self-defense, routines, tameshiwari (breaking), and kumite (sparring).

Philosophy [edit]

In Karate-Do Kyohan, Funakoshi quoted from the Heart Sutra, which is prominent in Shingon Buddhism: "Form is emptiness, emptiness is class itself" (shiki zokuze kū kū zokuze shiki).[54] He interpreted the "kara" of Karate-dō to hateful "to purge oneself of selfish and evil thoughts ... for but with a clear heed and censor can the practitioner understand the knowledge which he receives." Funakoshi believed that one should be "inwardly humble and outwardly gentle." Simply by behaving humbly can i exist open up to Karate's many lessons. This is done by listening and beingness receptive to criticism. He considered courtesy of prime importance. He said that "Karate is properly practical only in those rare situations in which one really must either downwards another or exist downed past him." Funakoshi did non consider it unusual for a devotee to use Karate in a real physical confrontation no more than perhaps in one case in a lifetime. He stated that Karate practitioners must "never exist easily fatigued into a fight." It is understood that one blow from a existent adept could mean death. It is clear that those who misuse what they have learned bring dishonor upon themselves. He promoted the grapheme trait of personal conviction. In "time of grave public crisis, one must have the courage ... to face a million and 1 opponents." He taught that indecisiveness is a weakness.[55]

World [edit]

Africa [edit]

Karate has grown in popularity in Africa, peculiarly in S Africa and Republic of ghana.[56] [57] [58]

Americas [edit]

Canada [edit]

Karate began in Canada in the 1930s and 1940s as Japanese people immigrated to the land. Karate was practised quietly without a large amount of organization. During the Second World State of war, many Japanese-Canadian families were moved to the interior of British Columbia. Masaru Shintani, at the age of 13, began to study Shorin-Ryu karate in the Japanese camp under Kitigawa. In 1956, later on 9 years of training with Kitigawa, Shintani travelled to Nippon and met Hironori Otsuka (Wado Ryu). In 1958, Otsuka invited Shintani to join his organization Wado Kai, and in 1969 he asked Shintani to officially call his style Wado.[59]

In Canada during this aforementioned time, karate was likewise introduced by Masami Tsuruoka who had studied in Japan in the 1940s under Tsuyoshi Chitose.[60] In 1954, Tsuruoka initiated the first karate competition in Canada and laid the foundation for the National Karate Association.[60]

In the late 1950s Shintani moved to Ontario and began education karate and judo at the Japanese Cultural Heart in Hamilton. In 1966, he began (with Otsuka's endorsement) the Shintani Wado Kai Karate Federation. During the 1970s Otsuka appointed Shintani the Supreme Instructor of Wado Kai in North America. In 1979, Otsuka publicly promoted Shintani to hachidan (eighth dan) and privately gave him a kudan certificate (9th dan), which was revealed by Shintani in 1995. Shintani and Otsuka visited each other in Nihon and Canada several times, the last fourth dimension in 1980 2 years prior to Otsuka'due south death. Shintani died seven May 2000.[59]

United states of america [edit]

Subsequently World War II, members of the Usa military learned karate in Okinawa or Nippon so opened schools in the Usa. In 1945, Robert Trias opened the first dōjō in the United States in Phoenix, Arizona, a Shuri-ryū karate dōjō.[61] In the 1950s, William J. Dometrich, Ed Parker, Cecil T. Patterson, Gordon Doversola, Donald Hugh Nagle, George Mattson and Peter Urban all began instructing in the US.

Tsutomu Ohshima began studying karate under Shotokan's founder, Gichin Funakoshi, while a educatee at Waseda University, beginning in 1948. In 1957, Ohshima received his godan (fifth-degree black belt), the highest rank awarded by Funakoshi. He founded the starting time university karate order in the United States at California Institute of Technology in 1957. In 1959, he founded the Southern California Karate Clan (SCKA) which was renamed Shotokan Karate of America (SKA) in 1969.

In the 1960s, Anthony Mirakian, Richard Kim, Teruyuki Okazaki, John Pachivas, Allen Steen, Gosei Yamaguchi (son of Gōgen Yamaguchi), Michael Grand. Foster and Pat Burleson began didactics martial arts effectually the country.[62]

In 1961, Hidetaka Nishiyama, a co-founder of the Japan Karate Clan (JKA) and student of Gichin Funakoshi, began educational activity in the United States. He founded the International Traditional Karate Federation (ITKF). Takayuki Mikami was sent to New Orleans by the JKA in 1963.

In 1964, Takayuki Kubota relocated the International Karate Association from Tokyo to California.

Asia [edit]

Korea [edit]

Due to past disharmonize between Korea and Japan, about notably during the Japanese occupation of Korea in the early 20th century, the influence of karate in Korea is a contentious issue.[63] From 1910 until 1945, Korea was annexed by the Japanese Empire. It was during this fourth dimension that many of the Korean martial arts masters of the 20th century were exposed to Japanese karate. Afterwards regaining independence from Japan, many Korean martial arts schools that opened upward in the 1940s and 1950s were founded by masters who had trained in karate in Japan as function of their martial arts training.

Won Kuk Lee, a Korean pupil of Funakoshi, founded the first martial arts school after the Japanese occupation of Korea ended in 1945, called the Chung Do Kwan. Having studied nether Gichin Funakoshi at Chuo University, Lee had incorporated taekkyon, kung fu, and karate in the martial art that he taught which he called "Tang Soo Do", the Korean transliteration of the Chinese characters for "Way of Chinese Hand" (唐手道).[64] In the mid-1950s, the martial arts schools were unified under President Rhee Syngman's order, and became taekwondo under the leadership of Choi Hong How-do-you-do and a committee of Korean masters. Choi, a significant figure in taekwondo history, had besides studied karate nether Funakoshi. Karate besides provided an important comparative model for the early on founders of taekwondo in the formalization of their art including hyung and the belt ranking system. The original taekwondo hyung were identical to karate kata. Somewhen, original Korean forms were developed past individual schools and associations. Although the World Taekwondo Federation and International Taekwon-Practise Federation are the near prominent among Korean martial arts organizations, tang soo do schools that teach Japanese karate still exist as they were originally conveyed to Won Kuk Lee and his contemporaries from Funakoshi.

Soviet Union [edit]

Karate appeared in the Soviet Union in the mid-1960s, during Nikita Khrushchev'south policy of improved international relations. The showtime Shotokan clubs were opened in Moscow's universities.[65] In 1973, however, the regime banned karate—together with all other foreign martial arts—endorsing only the Soviet martial art of sambo.[66] [67] Failing to suppress these uncontrolled groups, the USSR's Sport Committee formed the Karate Federation of USSR in December 1978.[68] On 17 May 1984, the Soviet Karate Federation was disbanded and all karate became illegal again. In 1989, karate practice became legal again, but under strict authorities regulations, only after the dissolution of the Soviet Matrimony in 1991 did independent karate schools resume functioning, and so federations were formed and national tournaments in accurate styles began.[69] [70]

Europe [edit]

In the 1950s and 1960s, several Japanese karate masters began to teach the art in Europe, but it was not until 1965 that the Japan Karate Association (JKA) sent to Europe iv well-trained young Karate instructors Taiji Kase, Keinosuke Enoeda, Hirokazu Kanazawa and Hiroshi Shirai.[ citation needed ] Kase went to France, Enoeada to England and Shirai in Italy. These Masters maintained ever a stiff link between them, the JKA and the others JKA masters in the world, particularly Hidetaka Nishiyama in the US

French republic [edit]

French republic Shotokan Karate was created in 1964 past Tsutomu Ohshima. It is affiliated with another of his organizations, Shotokan Karate of America (SKA). Nevertheless, in 1965 Taiji Kase came from Japan along with Enoeda and Shirai, who went to England and Italian republic respectively, and karate came under the influence of the JKA.

Italy [edit]

Hiroshi Shirai, one of the original instructors sent by the JKA to Europe along with Kase, Enoeda and Kanazawa, moved to Italy in 1965 and apace established a Shotokan enclave that spawned several instructors who in their turn soon spread the mode all over the country. By 1970 Shotokan karate was the near spread martial art in Italian republic apart from Judo. Other styles such equally Wado Ryu, Goju Ryu and Shito Ryu, are present and well established in Italy, while Shotokan remains the most popular.

United Kingdom [edit]

Vernon Bell, a 3rd Dan Judo teacher who had been instructed by Kenshiro Abbe introduced Karate to England in 1956, having attended classes in Henry Plée'due south Yoseikan dōjō in Paris. Yoseikan had been founded by Minoru Mochizuki, a master of multiple Japanese martial arts, who had studied Karate with Gichin Funakoshi, thus the Yoseikan style was heavily influenced by Shotokan.[71] Bell began teaching in the lawn tennis courts of his parents' back garden in Ilford, Essex and his group was to go the British Karate Federation. On 19 July 1957, Vietnamese Hoang Nam third Dan, billed as "Karate champion of Indo China", was invited to teach past Bell at Maybush Road, just the outset teacher from Japan was Tetsuji Murakami (1927–1987) a third Dan Yoseikan under Minoru Mochizuki and 1st Dan of the JKA, who arrived in England in July 1959.[71] In 1959, Frederick Gille set up up the Liverpool branch of the British Karate Federation, which was officially recognised in 1961. The Liverpool branch was based at Harold House Jewish Boys Guild in Chatham Street before relocating to the YMCA in Everton where it became known as the Crimson Triangle. One of the early members of this branch was Andy Sherry who had previously studied Jujutsu with Jack Britten. In 1961, Edward Ainsworth, another blackbelt Judoka, set up up the commencement Karate study group in Ayrshire, Scotland having attended Bell'southward third 'Karate Summer School' in 1961.[71]

Outside of Bong's organisation, Charles Mack traveled to Japan and studied under Masatoshi Nakayama of the Nihon Karate Association who graded Mack to 1st Dan Shotokan on 4 March 1962 in Nippon.[71] Shotokai Karate was introduced to England in 1963 by another of Gichin Funakoshi'southward students, Mitsusuke Harada.[71] Outside of the Shotokan stable of karate styles, Wado Ryu Karate was also an early on adopted style in the UK, introduced by Tatsuo Suzuki, a 6th Dan at the time in 1964.

Despite the early adoption of Shotokan in the Britain, it was not until 1964 that JKA Shotokan officially came to the U.k.. Bell had been corresponding with the JKA in Tokyo asking for his grades to be ratified in Shotokan having apparently learnt that Murakami was not a designated representative of the JKA. The JKA obliged, and without enforcing a grading on Bell, ratified his black belt on 5 February 1964, though he had to relinquish his Yoseikan grade. Bell requested a visitation from JKA instructors and the next year Taiji Kase, Hirokazu Kanazawa, Keinosuke Enoeda and Hiroshi Shirai gave the first JKA demo at the old Kensington Town Hall on 21 April 1965. Hirokazu Kanazawa and Keinosuke Enoeda stayed and Murakami left (later re-emerging equally a 5th Dan Shotokai nether Harada).[71]

In 1966, members of the former British Karate Federation established the Karate Union of Great Britain (KUGB) under Hirokazu Kanazawa as primary instructor[72] and affiliated to JKA. Keinosuke Enoeda came to England at the same time as Kanazawa, pedagogy at a dōjō in Liverpool. Kanazawa left the UK after iii years and Enoeda took over. After Enoeda'due south death in 2003, the KUGB elected Andy Sherry as Chief Instructor. Shortly after this, a new association divide off from KUGB, JKA England. An earlier pregnant split from the KUGB took place in 1991 when a grouping led by KUGB senior teacher Steve Cattle formed the English Shotokan Academy (ESA). The aim of this group was to follow the teachings of Taiji Kase, formerly the JKA chief instructor in Europe, who along with Hiroshi Shirai created the World Shotokan Karate-practise Academy (WKSA), in 1989 in order to pursue the teaching of "Budo" karate as opposed to what he viewed as "sport karate". Kase sought to return the practice of Shotokan Karate to its martial roots, reintroducing amid other things open hand and throwing techniques that had been side lined as the result of contest rules introduced by the JKA. Both the ESA and the WKSA (renamed the Kase-Ha Shotokan-Ryu Karate-practise Academy (KSKA) after Kase's expiry in 2004) continue following this path today. In 1975, Great United kingdom became the get-go team ever to take the World male team championship from Nihon after beingness defeated the previous year in the final.

In film and popular civilisation [edit]

Karate spread rapidly in the West through popular civilization. In 1950s popular fiction, karate was at times described to readers in near-mythical terms, and it was credible to show Western experts of unarmed gainsay as unaware of Eastern martial arts of this kind.[73] Following the inclusion of judo at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, in that location was growing mainstream Western interest in Japanese martial arts, particularly karate, during the 1960s.[74] By the 1970s, martial arts films (especially kung fu films and Bruce Lee flicks from Hong Kong) had formed a mainstream genre and launched the "kung fu craze" which propelled karate and other Asian martial arts into mass popularity. Nonetheless, mainstream Western audiences at the time more often than not did non distinguish betwixt unlike Asian martial arts such equally karate, kung fu and tae kwon do.[51]

The Karate Kid (1984) and its sequels The Karate Kid, Part Two (1986), The Karate Kid, Part Three (1989) and The Next Karate Kid (1994) are films relating the fictional story of an American adolescent's introduction into karate.[75] [76] Its goggle box sequel, Cobra Kai (2018), has led to like growing interest in karate.[77] The success of The Karate Kid further popularized karate (as opposed to Asian martial arts more generally) in mainstream American popular culture.[51] Karate Kommandos is an animated children's show, with Chuck Norris appearing to reveal the moral lessons contained in every episode.

Many other flick stars such as Bruce Lee, Chuck Norris, Jackie Chan, Sammo Hung, and Jet Li come from a range of other martial arts.

See as well [edit]

  • Comparison of karate styles
  • Japanese martial arts
  • Karate World Championships
  • Karate at the Summertime Olympics
  • Karate at the Earth Games

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External links [edit]

  • World Karate Federation

libbyfirelsom1947.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate

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